The Potential Positive And Negative Socio Cultural Impacts Tourism Essay

The Potential Positive And Negative Socio Cultural Impacts Tourism Essay Tourism is a product that is produced and consumed at the same time. Tourism affects the economy and lives of communities and has proven to be a lifesaver for many destinations. Impacts occur when tourism changes the value systems/ behavior, threatening native identity and that changes occur in community structure, family relationships, ceremonies, collective traditional styles and morality. Tourism can also cause positive impacts as it can serve as a helpful force for peace, help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs and foster pride in cultural traditions. The type of tourist will have a differing effect on the host community. The mass tourist is less likely to adapt to the local cultures and will seek amenities and standards found in his home community. On the other hand the independent tourist will adapt more readily. The process of tourism development is very important because the speed and nature of development can be a major influence on the magnitude and direction of socio-cultural changes. The term socio-cultural impacts refer to changes to residents everyday experiences, as well as to their values, way of life, and intellectual and artistic products. The positive and negative impacts of tourism on the Cyprus socio-cultural structure has been an issue for a long time. Social impacts can be considered as changes in the lives of people who live in destination communities, which are connected with tourist actions in regard to moral conduct, creative expressions. Cultural impacts can be the changes in the arts, traditional ceremonies, customs and rituals and architecture of people that result from tourism activity. Witt (1991) claims that, the greater the difference between the host community and the tourists the greater will be the affect of tourism on society. This presents a challenge to decision makers in regard to the type of tourism that a destination is trying to attract. Thus, for example, at the national level a specific development might be justified on the grounds that it is positive for the society as a whole even if on average it is not positive for the host community. All travelers seek tourism experience, yet very diffe rent goals and objectives are required through different roles and behaviors. This occurs because in Cyprus are many different types of tourists. Each type of tourist can be expected to behave differently while visiting a destination. Certain groups can be seen as more exploitive and less sensitive to social and cultural values. Explorers blend into the Cyprus life as local people do and stay longer but they have contact with fewer people than members of a charter tour that moves through Cyprus for shopping or sightseeing. In the case of Cyprus, the tourist policy of the Cyprus Tourism Organization aims to attract middle and high-income class tourists in order to minimize possible resentment between locals and tourists. According to statistics by Eurostat, Cypriots enjoy a higher standard of living than other regions and the type of tourist that visits the island is not the typical high and middle class income tourist but mostly youngsters who tend to reach their limits once they are abroad. The effects of tourists behavior and activities on young people in the area are very noticeable. The increase in drug trafficking and crime are the two major effects of tourism on the local community. Young people tend to spend a lot of their free time away from their families and from community activities since they spend more time in the tourist areas going out clubbing or at bars. As a result, we have an increase in the number of school dropouts and in the number of people smoking at early stages of their age. C yprus is considered to be one of the few destinations that have controlled tourism well, and it is now repaying the benefits. Cyprus is still an up market destination offering a friendly atmosphere and high quality service. Cyprus has always marketed itself as a prestige resort. Surveys show that many residents see the tourists as a breath of fresh air into the society, economy and life of the locals. The Cyprus Tourism Organization is aiming to keep its high quality and consequently its up market clientele by offering excellent facilities and different types of tourism activities such as Agro Tourism, Bird Watching and Cycling. To achieve this selective advertising and promotion are adopted in order to attract this type of customer. The development of the Tourist Industry led to an improvement in the standard of living for the local people in several areas as tourism expenditure increases the income and improve the standard of living and the quality of life for the locals. Tourism also contributes to the development of infrastructure with the building of airports, new roads, restaurants and hospitals, attraction to enable greatest number of citizens to benefit from the cultural, recreational and leisure activities of the tourism sector. Tourism has also aided in arising the interest for art festivals and crafts, for example weaving, embroidery, wood crafting, pottery etc that have been practiced in small villages for hundreds of years. The impact of tourism on the conservation of old buildings is also both positive and negative. Cyprus residents claim that tourists look for and appreciate local architecture and authentic traditional style, so a lot of buildings are being renovated or conserved as mainly tourist attractions, which would have been destroyed by eager owner. On the other hand, old buildings do not have enough capacity to provide accommodation for the growing number of tourists, so they are destroyed to give room to new and large guest houses with appropriate capacity and tourist facilities. The media have described Paralimni and Agia Napa as a round-the clock neon-lit cosmopolitan mini-metropolis and topless sex capital of Cyprus. The majority state that tourists have a negative effect on the Cypriot way of life and that tourism changes the traditional culture, also it decreases the lifestyle quality of Cypriots who live in tourist areas. The extreme concentration of tourists resulted in the modification of social attitudes among young people, particularly towards sexual behavior. The European way of living has altered the Cypriot society as younger generations are seeking different values than their families, and thus resulting in weaker family bonds. A number of researchers examined the link between the perception that tourism contributes to increase in crime and the support for its development. The crime is related to resident perceptions of tourism development. There is also an increase in prostitution and rise in criminal activity and possible anger between local a nd tourists. Rural population, long term residents, farmers, and younger segments perceive tourism as contributing to an increase in crime especially in the area of Agia Napa. Agia Napa is advertised as a place of great consumption of alcohol, sex, drugs and crime and a great damage caused by thousands of topless beach goers. Moreover the massive arrival of youngsters changed the image of the area from a fun relaxing atmosphere to more of a nightlife entertainment with many nightclubs and discos. As a result, there is an increase in drug trafficking and crime as well as the young generation in Cyprus has started to adopt different set of values on morality and style of dressing which is not acceptable by the older generations. Tourists have altered the Cypriot values and beliefs especially among the young generation and as mentioned before the dress code has changed and nudity is much more acceptable now. In spite of all negative and positive impacts of tourism on the socio-cultural structure of Cyprus it is not yet clear whether the benefits outweigh the costs. In general, the residents of Cyprus have a positive attitude toward tourism. Since the success of tourism depends very much on the human attitudes and behavior of the residents of a destination towards tourists, this seems to be an encouraging result for the future of tourism development. Residents recognize a range of potential positive and negative impacts of tourism however, current attitudes are generally quite positive and there is support for future modest increase in tourism. The tourism development strategy should aim to protect local culture, respect local traditions and promote local ownership and management of programs and projects so as to foster community stewardship of the natural resource base. As integrated processes take time, tourism umbrella organizations should start with voluntary self-restraint, until loc ally adapted objectives have been reached.

Free Grendel Essays: Social Commentary :: Grendel Essays

Authors often have to choose between concentrating on either plot or social commentary when writing their novels; in John Gardener's Grendel, the plot becomes is a secondary consideration. Grendel's exploits provide the reader with a clear understanding of the strong opinions the author carries and can be seen clearly as a narrative supporting nihilism in its many forms. The reader easily perceives the blatant religious subtext in the guise of corrupt priests and the foolish faithful. The notion of the old being wise is unacceptable to Gardener along with any notion of hero idolization. Within his novel, Gardner expresses his views concerning religion, wisdom and nature. Religion plays a large role in Grendel. Priests do not want to perform their services without the proper payment, which, in turn, allows the rich the most access to 'religion' and God. The citizens of the village are also confusingly polytheistic and monotheistic. When praying to their king god does not decrease the frequency of Grendel's visits, they retreat to begging any god of which they have known for help. This reveals their faith to be not faith at all but rather faith that will remain faith as long as it can be proven. A proven religious faith is contradictory term, for it can only be placed in a religion that cannot be proven lest it is true faith no longer. Grendel's interludes with the dragon portray, at their onsets, the dragon as a worldly, wise creature with much to share. The dragon haughtily informs Grendel about his vast store of knowledge as he teases him with how much he knows. As Grendel's interests are piqued, the dragon expends the cumulative result of his travails: "Know how much you've got, and beware of strangers†¦My advice to you, my violent friend, is to seek out gold and sit on it" (Gardner page #). Although the dragon serves as a vessel to point out the necessity of Grendel and makes some pointed observations about mankind, all his respectability is lost with those two short sentences. The author is making an observation about materialism and the falsehood of wisdom always accompanying age. After all his years of intense scrutiny, the dragon can only grasp from human- and animalkind alike that possessions are the key to life's existence. Nature against society is also discussed in Grendel. The fact that citizens surrounded with religion and social status could be so easily overtaken by nature (Grendel) gives a sense of irony to the reader.

Posthumus and Innogene Essay

The following passage is from Shakespeare’s ‘Cymbeline’ Act 4 Scene 2. In the quoted lines Innogen identifies Clotens to be Posthumus due to Posthumus’ garment worn by Clotens. Innogen looks at Clotens’ body and his garments and says â€Å"I know the shape of`s leg; this is his hand†. According to her, his foot is ‘Mercurial’ and thighs â€Å"Marcial’. From the first act the audience is accustomed to see a chaste Innogen who is attracted only to her husband, Postumus. However in this passage Innogene is made to speak admiring words about Clotens which is ironic to the audience. Her instant decision based on the garment is a kind of an amusement to the audience who is aware of the identity of the corpse. Innogene believes that she know Posthumus well enough to identify him without the head or the ‘jovial face’. The audience may expect better judgment from Innogene who till then did show good judgment in choosing Postumus to Clotens. This passage shows that Postumus and Clotens were more similar looking than Innogene would want to believe. These similarities are mentioned by Clotens in â€Å"I mean, the lines of my body are as well drawn as his;† in Act 4, Scene 1(9-10). She tries to see some logical reason for the gruesome murder of her husband. The first possibility that comes to her mind is Pisanio’s involvement. She suspects him to have revealed the details about Posthumous to Clotens. Everyone except Innogene knows that Pisanio has got nothing to do with this murder. Moreover Innogene is unable to think logically, for, if Pisanio was the culprit he may not have helped and sent her in pursuit of Posthumus. She concludes that Pisanio has joined with Clotens to kill Posthumus. In the passage Innogene call Clotens, â€Å"irregulous devil Clotens†. Clotens is interested in marrying Innogen. When he found out that this was not possible because she chose to be the wife of Posthumus, Clotens decided to murder Posthumus and rape her. He goes to the wilderness in search of Posthumous with pure hatred in his heart. Nevertheless he wears Posthumus’ garments while seeking out Posthumus and Innogene. This is ironic that he chose to wear the dress of his opponent in subduing him. He may have thought this would be a nice way to torture Innogene with the thoughts of her dead husband when he uses force on her. This may heighten the misery. This however goes a long way to show the cruel nature of Clotens. On the other hand the audience sees that Posthumus is aggrieved for ordering the death of his wife. He is repentant and tries to seek his own punishment by surrendering as a Roman soldier in to the hand of British troops. During the battle he takes the side of his motherland and protects it from the enemy attack, fulfilling the duty of the son of the soil. Deception in costume plays its part here again when he dresses as an Englishman and fights with Iachimo. Posthumus and Clotens are two opposite forces juxtaposed to bring out their contrasting natures to intensify the final good over evil concept. However Innogenes’ misunderstanding in identifying the corpse is the climax of this parallelism. This is an important scene in this play due to the death of Clotens and his misidentification as Postumous. Clotens has been the shadow of Posthumus throughout the play. At every mention of Posthumus there is a direct comparison drawn with Clotens as both are interested in noble Innogene. Death of Clotens signifies the death of evil and victory of good. However at this stage not all threads in the play are brought to a conclusive end. Moreover the difference between both is so strong that it needs to have a lingering effect for some time until alls well. Hence this scene is a good device to conclude the play in a progressive gradation.

Executive compensation scheme shareholder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1687 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Executive compensation is incentive payment to the executive who is acting as an agent to run the company on behalf of the shareholder. Cash compensation include the salary and bonus, while total compensation composed of long-term incentive payouts, the value of restricted stock grants, the value of stock option etc. The unexpected earnings and stock returns directly influenced changes in cash-based and total compensation but not changes in stock-based compensation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Executive compensation scheme shareholder" essay for you Create order Literature review Nourayi and Daroca (2008), stated that the compensation scheme of the executive level is not have strongly related to firm performance. Found the compensation scheme also has a declining link to the performances of the company. Both this authors suggest that performance of the company is not related to only executive compensation scheme. Lee (2009) state, that the magnitude of the observed pay and performance relationship is too small to provide an effective incentive. In others hand that may look forward for executive compensation measure of performance, the management are trying to increase their incentive, there may induce future profitability (Nourayi.m, Mints.s.m, 2008) [online]. Conversely accounting based measurement about the company past performance (Nourayi.m, Mints.s.m, 2008). Nourayu.M and Mints.S.M (2008) state that the incentive paid using non- cash compensation (stock option grants) should be disclosed a pay performance scheme at executive level. The remuneration package typically includes a fixed component and a variable or incentive payment, which is largely paid as a cash bonus and a long term incentive including share option or other form of shares payment which should be disclosed in the corporate governance section of the company annual report (Lee.J, 2009). Nourayi and Mintz (2008), state that the any compensation scheme discloses to the financial report may lead the management purposely alter the financial report to mislead the shareholder or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on the financial accounting numbers. Nouray and Daroca(2008), state that the CEO compensation in regulated industries are influenced heavily by the accounting profit and operational growth as indicated by the increase in the number employees. Both author are stated that the large corporate, the CEO compensation more depend on the firm performance and paid by cash compensation. In other hand the smaller corporate, characterized by their cash flow problems, the executive compensation will tend to option based compensation. Lee (2009), state that the executive should have their own incentive package for the stewardships role. From the view of the Lee (2009) paid of compensation to encouragement the executive level is to increase corporate value and to retain key management for their performance. Nourayi and Mintz (2008) provide that, the sensitive companys performance is no longer tenure and Chief Executive Officers (CEO) of compensation. Drawing from Nourayi and Daroca (2008) result in research, state that the CEOs of the firm that have bad performance still got a higher compensation. Nourayi and Daroca (2008), has make the empirical research that the growth of the sales or shareholder return are not much related to the executive compensation, but are correlated to the earning, book value and per share dividend. In other hand the companies are using the stock option as compensation scheme; the (CEO) may manipulate the earning of the company to lead the share price increase and get higher return on the increasing share price (Nourayi.M.M, Mintz.S.M, 2008). The executive want to increase the value of the share, that may incurred the fraudulent activity in the company. Research by Nourayi and Daroca (2008) found that compensation holding of stock and option are little supported to deduce the shareholder agency cost and the value of the company. According to Lee (2009), when the executive are paid compensation using stock option may create a conflict of interest between the management and shareholder. These conflicts generally arise from the management motives to pursue their own interest at the expense of the shareholder (Lee.J 2009). Lee is providing that the top executive compensation have a significant positive relationship with the shareholder wealth. Compensation scheme The increase in the compensation scheme may influenced by the increase in sales in company, this increase in rate of compensation may known as the incentive reward to the CEO (Nourayi.M.M, Daroca.F.P, 2008). Sales, assets, and stock price performance, are less likely to be affected by the CEO discretionary choice (Nourayi.M.M, Mintz.S.M 2008). Nourayi.M.M and Daroca.F.P state that the politics may affect the executive compensation. Nourayi.M and Mintz.S.M. (2008) are discussed that when the company are provides others incentives other than the cash compensation measurements, this may lead to inaccuracies of accounting because of the difficulty in discerning the value in monetary term to show in company financial statement. Nourayi and Daroca (2008) state that the company provides the stock option in compensation scheme may incur conflict on the value of the compensation when disclose it. This is because the stock option only incurred the economic costs by the outside investors would pay for invest and does not provide an accounting cost or cash expenditure. Lee (2009) is stated that the compensation for CEO typically includes the base salary, a variable component, and other benefit. The variable component is regarded as performance-related the basis which management performance will be measured not reported in the annual report (Lee.J 2009). The compensation do not disclose to traditional financial statement, the compensation scheme is proposal by the executive themselves. The compensation scheme may direct correlated to the performance of the management. The high compensation may help CEO mange the company better. The good corporate may have committee remunerations to control the total of the compensation claim by the executive level in the company. Conclusion In the conclusion, the executive compensation should be proposal by the independence board of director. The level of the compensation scheme of the CEO do not set by one or close relationship person with the CEO. This will influence by the CEO to get higher compensation but provide the poor performance in company. The total compensation need to disclose to the annual report. To give the shareholder can have decided to continue employed the CEO to help them manage the corporate, to decide the corporation is manage in good status or not. The stock option compensation needs to disclose at the price of the day issues to the executive. The executive may need to monitor the rule and regulation in the country that lead the level of the compensation scheme in corporate may too high or low to executive level. Reference Lee,J, 2009. Executive performance-based remuneration, performance change and board structures. The International Journal of Accounting, UK Vol. 44, pp 138-162 [URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6W4P-4W3874D-1-1_cdi=6548_user=8187596_orig=search_coverDate=06%2F30%2F2009_sk=999559997view=cwchp=dGLbVlW-zSkzVmd5=d9559ecc007c2a6b1c67d353b6e22a71ie=/sdarticle.pdf] (Accessed date: 20/07/2009) Nourayi,M.M and Daroca,F.P, 2008 CEO compensation, firm performance and operational characteristics Managerial Finance vol.34 No. 8 pp. 562-584 [URL: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0090340804.pdf] (Accessed dated: 23/07/2009) Nourayi,M.M and Mintz,S.M, 2008 Tenure, firms performance, and CEOs compensation Managerial Finance vol.34, No 3 pp. 524-536 [URL: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=3355AC1544DBC095B56E07D9ED60CBF7?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=1733175history=true] (Accessed dated: 20/ 07/2009) Bibliography Ang,J.S. and Constand,R.L, 1997 Compensation and performance: the case of Japanese managers and directors Journal Multinational Financial Management Vol. 7 pp. 275-304 [URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VGV-3SX8BMF-1-1_cdi=6048_user=8233547_orig=na_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1997_sk=999929995view=cwchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzSmd5=c96040dd6413837aa4e1ee57b2480470ie=/sdarticle.pdf] (accessed dated: /07/2009) Brunello, G and Graziano, C, Parigi. B, 2001. Executive compensation and firm performance in Italy. International Journal of Industrial Organization Volume 19 Pages 133-161[Online] [URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VFK-3XH3HHM-4-6_cdi=6013_user=8233547_orig=na_coverDate=09%2F30%2F1999_sk=999949996view=cwchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWzmd5=2f1563eef1372d955d1954a3b8e79156ie=/sdarticle.pdf] [Accessed: 3 July 2009] Devers,C.E and Cannella,Jr.A.A, 2007 Executive compensation: A Multidisciplinary review of recent developments journal management 33:1016 [online] URL: https://jom.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/33/6/1016 (accessed dated: 24/07/2009) Lee,J, 2009. Executive performance-based remuneration, performance change and board structures. 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Corporate performance and CEO compensation in China Journal of Corporate Finance vol-12 pages 693 714[Online] [URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VFK-4GGXX91-1-3_cdi=6013_user=8233547_orig=na_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006_sk=999879995view=cwchp=dGLbVtz-zSkWzmd5=098f43a768ee82d17f359d83e536c3e6ie=/sdarticle.pdf] [Accessed: 8July 2009] Nourayi,M.M and Daroca,F.P, 2008 CEO compensation, firm performance and operational characteristics Managerial Finance [online] vol.34 No.8 pp.562-584 [URL: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/0090340804.pdf] (Accessed dated: 23/07/2009) Nourayi,M.M and Mintz,S.M, 2008 Tenure, firms performance, and CEOs compensation Managerial Finance vol.34, No 3 pp. 524-536 [URL: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do;jsessionid=3355AC1544DBC095B56E07D9ED60CBF7?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkpdfcontentId=1733175history=true] (Accessed dated: 20/ 07/2009)